Ethics (morality) varies through history and between cultures.Common is a genetic base in caring for offspring and close relatives, reciprocity in caring with selected clan members, and readiness for sacrifice for the clan’s benefit.Learning augments the inclusion of others.Mental focus facilitates a weighing process in decision making.Extreme focus leads to heroism or obsession.Three philosophies compete; the ethics of maximum benefit, of individual protection, or of social balance.Modern ethics include human rights and environmental concerns.